室内/室外篮球场照明标准

Proper basketball court lighting is essential for player performance, spectator safety, and television broadcasting quality. Whether upgrading an indoor gymnasium or constructing a professional outdoor arena, adhering to strict photometric standards is critical. Below is the comprehensive breakdown of the essential lighting requirements.

Basketball Court Lighting General Requirement

To ensure optimal visibility and visual comfort, all basketball facility lighting designs must adhere to several fundamental photometric principles. The following general requirements apply across various court sizes and competition levels:

• Principal Area (PA) vs. Total Area (TA): All quoted illuminance levels are maintained values applying to the principal playing area (PA). If total areas (TA) are specified, their illuminance must be at least 75% of the principal area’s requirement.
• Vertical to Horizontal Ratio: A minimum vertical illuminance component is mandatory to ensure three-dimensional visibility of the ball and players. This vertical component must not be less than 30% of the horizontal level.
• Grid Dimensions: Reference area dimensions indicate the required number of calculation grid points. For sports with varying playing area dimensions, the exact grid points scale with the maximum and minimum dimensions of the court.
• Multi-Purpose Adaptability: In multi-purpose halls where the basketball court overlaps with other sports, a higher Color Rendering Index (CRI) than standard baseline tables may be required to clearly reveal different pitch markings.
• Selecting the Lighting Class: The class of lighting depends directly on the standard of play and the spectator viewing distance.

Table 1: Selection of the Lighting Class

Table 2: The lighting class for different levels of competition

Indoor Basketball Court Lighting Standards

Indoor arenas present unique challenges regarding ceiling heights, reflections, and glare. The primary focus of indoor basketball court lighting standards is to protect the players’ direct line of sight during critical vertical movements.

• The Glare Exclusion Zone: It is a strict standard that no luminaires should be positioned in the ceiling directly above a 4-meter diameter circle around the basket.
• Why it matters: When players look up for rebounds or layups, looking directly into a high-power LED luminaire can cause blinding glare, posing safety risks and impacting competitive fairness. All indoor lighting layouts must position fixtures outside this exclusion zone, utilizing angled or asymmetrical optics to illuminate the paint area safely.

Table 3: The lighting standards for indoor basketball court lighting

NOTE 1 No luminaires should be positioned in that part of the ceiling, which is above a 4 m diameter circle around the basket.

Outdoor Basketball Court Lighting Standards

Outdoor courts rely on pole-mounted high-power LEDs. The standard focuses on achieving broad, uniform coverage while minimizing light pollution to surrounding areas.

• Principal Area Dimensions for Class I: For top-level international outdoor competitions, the Principal Area (PA) typically requires a reference surface of 34 m x 19 m.
• Grid Point Calculation: To accurately measure the horizontal and vertical illuminance for this top-level outdoor dimension, the corresponding calculation grid must consist of 15 x 9 points.

Table 4: The lighting standards for outdoor basketball court lighting

NOTE For Class I, international competition at top level may justify a surface of 34 m x 19 m for the principal area (PA). The corresponding number of grid points is then 15 x 9.

Specific requirements for colour television and film recording

When sports events are broadcasted, the lighting system must cater directly to the technical demands of high-definition cameras. The engineering focus shifts heavily toward vertical illuminance to support fast-paced camera tracking and slow-motion replays.

1. Level of Vertical Illuminance (Ev)

The illuminance on a vertical plane forms the baseline for CTV and film systems. The required level depends on the speed of action, camera lens angle, and maximum shooting distance.

• Unrestricted Camera Positions: If camera positions are undefined or unrestricted, uniform vertical illuminance must be achieved on all four planes facing the sides of the playing area.
• Fixed Camera Positions: If there is only one fixed main camera, the vertical planes facing that specific camera position must fulfill the strict level and uniformity requirements.

Figure 1 – Maintained vertical illuminance level as a function of maximum shooting distance

Key

A, B, C CTV groups defined in Table 4.

Critical Illuminance Uniformity and Ratios for Broadcasting

To prevent camera flicker and ensure seamless visual transitions during high-speed action shots, the lighting design must maintain precise uniformity metrics across both horizontal and vertical planes.

Vertical Uniformity on Fixed Planes (Camera Facing): For vertical planes facing a side-line or a fixed main camera position, the uniformity ratio must be strictly controlled. The requirement is calculated as $E_{v \min} / E_{v \max}$, where $E_{v \min}$ is the minimum vertical illuminance and $E_{v \max}$ is the maximum vertical illuminance in lux.

Vertical Uniformity at Grid Points: Even for unrestricted camera positions, the vertical illuminance at any single grid point over the four planes facing the sides of the playing area must maintain a balanced $E_{v \min} / E_{v \max}$ ratio. This ensures players are evenly illuminated from all angles without harsh shadows.

Relation Between Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance: The illuminated pitch forms the major part of the camera’s field of view. To achieve a high-quality broadcast, there must be a sufficiently good balance between the horizontal and vertical lighting levels. This is measured by the ratio of average horizontal illuminance to average vertical illuminance ($E_{h \text{ ave}} / E_{v \text{ ave}}$).

Horizontal Uniformity Limits: The uniformity on the playing field ($E_{h \min} / E_{h \max}$) must be consistent. On large areas like football or large basketball courts, the maximum gradient of horizontal illuminance shall not be greater than a 25% change per 5 meters.

Colour temperature of the lighting

In the case of outdoor installations or indoor installations with a significant daylight contribution, the colour temperature of the artificial lighting shall be between 4 000 K and 6 500 K where flood lighting is used during daylight and into dusk. If there is no significant daylight contribution, then the range can be extended to between 3 000 K and 6 500 K.

Within the reference area of an installation, the colour-temperature shall not deviate from the average value by more than the stated plus and minus limits given in Figure 4.

Figure 2 – Colour temperature tolerances within the reference area

Key

a Deviation in K

b Colour temperature in K

Colour rendering of the lighting

The general colour rendering index Ra of the lighting shall always be better than 65 with a preferred value of at least 80.

Light level on surrounding spectators’ areas

NOTE For television camera shooting it is desirable that the areas bordering the playing field should be illuminated to a certain extent; namely to an average vertical illuminance level of at least 0,25 times the average vertical illuminance level on the playing area.